Which concept involves shaping behavior through rewards and punishments?

The concept that involves shaping behavior through rewards and punishments is behaviorism. This psychological perspective focuses on observable behaviors rather than internal thoughts or feelings, emphasizing the role of the environment in influencing behavior. Behaviorism posits that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning, which can be either classical (learning through association) or operant (learning through consequences).

In operant conditioning, for example, behaviors are modified based on the response they elicit from the environment. Positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated by providing a reward, whereas punishment decreases the likelihood of a behavior by introducing adverse consequences. This foundational principle of behaviorism has significantly influenced various fields, including education, therapy, and animal training, where modifying behavior through rewards and punishments is a central strategy.

Humanism, cognitive dissonance, and psychoanalysis focus on different aspects of human experience, like self-actualization, internal conflict, and unconscious processes, respectively, and do not emphasize behavior modification through rewards and punishments in the same way that behaviorism does.